Well, it had to happen. Originally created in the mid 1990’s to help with the imprecise problem of how to value early stage companies, especially those in technology, I developed what soon became known as “The Berkus Method” when published in the popular book, “Winning Angels” by Harvard’s Amis and Stevenson with my permission in 2001. But a lot of time has passed since then.
There is a universal truth: fewer than one in a thousand start-ups meet or exceed their projected revenues in the periods planned. So how do you use financial projections as valuation metrics when you know the odds of those being accurate predictors of the future are so very unreliable?
I thought then that the best way to value a start-up is to give value to those elements of progress by the entrepreneur or team that reduce risk of success. It is the exact opposite of giving value to projected financial success, except for the hurdle which I use to filter out smaller opportunities. I must believe that the candidate company, if successful, could achieve some level of gross revenue at the end of the fifth year in business. Today, for me, that hurdle number is $20 million.
[Email readers, continue here…] The Berkus Method assigns a number, a financial valuation, to each of four major elements of risk faced by all young companies – after crediting the entrepreneur some basic value for the quality and potential of the idea itself. Today, the method as explained, adds $500,000 in value for each of the following risk-reduction elements:
Note that these numbers are maximums that can be “earned” to form a valuation, allowing for a pre-revenue valuation of up to $2 million (or a post roll-out value of up to $2.5 million), but certainly also allowing the investor to put much lower values into each test, resulting in valuations well below that amount.
In 2005, Alan McCann created a graphic representation of the Method:
Note that Allan changed the title of the risks from technology-execution-market-production to investment-marketing-execution-development. And he added the cohort responsible for each, a nice touch. I should have done more about this subtle interpretation when first seeing this, and will attempt to make up for that now.
Because the Internet has such a long memory and documents from the distant past can be found with ease, a search the “The Berkus Method” today will yield any number of conflicting valuation criteria and element amounts culled from the many subsequent publications of the method over the ensuing years.
It has occurred to me lately that the original matrix is too restrictive, and should be a suggestion rather than a rigid form. That is: a user of the Method should be able to list those risks that are most important to the target company and to the investor, and assign maximum values to each that are appropriate to the industry and to the times.
For example, $500,000 maximum value to each element yields either a maximum pre-money enterprise valuation of $$2 million or $2.5 million if all elements are “perfect” for a target in the eyes of the investor. Yet, the current HALO Report from the Angel Capital Association containing average pre-money valuations for angel investors demonstrates that the US average, at least for the moment, is higher than this amount. Valuations are higher in Silicon Valley, Silicon Beach, New York and the North Carolina corridor than in Oklahoma City, Kansas City or Miami. The Method should allow for this.
The Method should be flexible enough for its users to negotiate or create a maximum valuation they are willing to accept in a perfect situation, and to assign risk elements that might be more important to them than those listed above. For example, in Silicon Valley, a “big data” startup might competitively call for a $1.5 million maximum value per element, while the same startup in Nebraska might find $500,000 appropriate. As for listed elements, a medical device startup might replace “marketing risk” with “FDA approvals risk.”
There is no question that start-up valuations must be kept at a low enough amount to allow for the extreme risk taken by the investor and to provide some opportunity for the investment to achieve a ten-times increase in value over its life.
Once a company is in revenues, the Method is no longer applicable, as most everyone will use actual revenues to project value over time.
The risk is that these options will make a very simple process two steps more complex, frustrating the original purpose of elegant simplicity. But hopefully, the relaxation of restrictions listed here will allow The Berkus Method to live into another generation, survive the effects of inflation, and address better the specific needs of niche market valuations.
Great info. Wish I had had this when starting out. Always grateful for you Dave! Maybe someday we will meet face to face!
I consider this some of the “Berkus Handy Rules for Success”. You’ve added a great deal of value to our desire to constantly improve. Keep up the great work!!
Dear Dave:
Please check out SharkCapTable.com — register to see the full features of the software tool… I am open to suggestions and ideas for joint ventures…. I attribute your Berkus Method in the tab: PMVM…www.sharkcaptable.com
I will share this with my http://www.Element8Angels.com as it is so right on. I just had someone new to angel investing ask me why it is even worth a startup building financial projections when everyone knows that they will be so far from reality. Thanks!
Hello,
Do you ever heard about morbitzer valuation method? which actually similar with your method (Berkus Method), the only different is the added value from investor successful cooperation
Because I have interest to know whether this is also development of your method or not?
Thank you
Good afternoon,
My name is Jeff, I’m in the process of acquiring an investor for my start up mobile app company. I’ve been doing some research and I am not sure how a mobile app company is evaluated? I have no assets and no property, can you please help?
Most interesting. We are a UK business angel network which has invested £100m into 200 startups. We spent 6 months developing our own online calculator. At risk of self promotion, please find it at https://www.envestors.co.uk/the-2019-guide-to-valuing-your-business/
Sir,
How to convert the $ 1/2 Mn valuation per each criteria into Indian currency (Indian Rupees) for valuation of a startup in India.
Pure exchange rate conversion is not reasonable.
Please help.
Regards
To convert to another currency or location, first determine the average valuation of pre-revenue startups in your area. Divide by five and that should be the maximum you would pay for each of the items in the matrix. Thanks for asking.
-Dave
Thank you Sir.
Sir,
I have 2 questions,
1. Idea patented, does it carry extra weightage
2. Do we have to add up all the scores in 5 sectors.
I am a founder of Solar Startup from India, arriving at average startup valuation is very fluid, how do we solve this?
Looking forward for your valuable response,
Regards,
Harsha M L
India
Responses to your questions:
1. Patents do help, but defense and prosecution costs are very high and offset much of the advantage. I count patents into the market validation section by increasing that value.
Yes, add the scores to obtain the valuation.
-Dave
Thank you for the update. I have a question around inflation – given that 500k USD back in 1999 now has a purchasing power of around 900k USD (average 2.56%pa, based on nationalised USA Bureau of Labour Statistics), would it make sense in your view to increase the allocated ballpark valuation per category in alignment with this?
Tamara, good point. For years, I’ve been adding a comment in my keynotes adjusting original and current liquidity event values for inflation as you did above. But the valuation of startups at or near ignition is much more difficult. For example, valuations offered by investors to entrepreneurs have declined since the stock market hits and probably will decline further if we continue toward recession. There are also far more deals competing for investor funds now than years ago. And the valuations have differed so much in geographical areas that one number is impossible. So to answer your question: This is an art not a science, driven by so many factors that a single number like $500,000 is only a guide not a rule. Is a $500,000 value worth over $900,000 today? Not at all. Too many factors listed above have depressed startup values recently. A tool such as the Method must allow for all these changes and more to remain viable over time. Thanks for bringing up this issue! – Dave